007. Windows 3.0 Buzz
"Microsoft has finally nailed this product. Try it. You’ll like it."
A continued thank you to subscribers for the comments and discussion we’re having. It is an amazing part of writing a book this way that we can share in additional memories and reflect on experiences we have all had. This section marks the end of “Chapter I” and so please feel free to drop me a line with feedback or thoughts on how things are going. By all means share this with friends as we’re about to start diving into product development—and I’ll be writing code finally.
Back to 006. Zero Defects
With spring 1990 approaching, the buzz for Windows 3.0 was becoming deafening within the halls of Microsoft. One of the most exciting things was seeing the visual appearance of the product. Windows 1.0 and 2.0 were, to put it kindly, garish, or at best excessively blocky and utilitarian. Much of this was out of necessity as computer monitors only displayed about the equivalent number of pixels of one app icon on today’s iPhone and only had access to 16 colors (or no colors at all). Windows 3.0 also added overlapping windows like on Macintosh which made a huge difference in how the product felt.
Windows 3.0 was the first integrated release of Windows, meaning sold along with MS-DOS on a new PC. The notion that Windows was an “operating environment” added on to MS-DOS was giving way to Windows the operating system. While seemingly arcane technical jargon, the change in vocabulary was also a change in how the product was sold to computer makers and how software developers should think about Windows. Windows coming with a new PC meant it was no longer a question developers would need to ponder when deciding how to write software. The landscape was changing from IBM-compatible PCs to Windows-compatible PCs. This was huge.
To emphasize this point, the company scheduled a major (for Microsoft) press event in New York in May 1990. What was months earlier a side project was now front and center for the whole industry. While Microsoft had previously held launch events at trade shows, this was one of the earliest examples (and certainly the most expensive) of a major event for a single Microsoft product.
This event was going to be monumental for the entire company, except perhaps for the people working on OS/2. We were all using OS/2 every day as a main development machine, and many people were working hard but struggling to get Word and Excel working on it. But it was also viewed with a good deal of skepticism internally. Much of this was because of the stories that made their way over to Apps from Systems about working with IBM and the disconnect between engineering cultures, but also our own experience in the poor quality and difficulty in using the product.
There were many stories of IBM’s dysfunction that were common knowledge. IBM used to measure their programmers on lines of code produced; more lines meant higher productivity. Except Microsoft believed fewer lines of code to create the same feature was better. IBM thought Microsoft engineers were less productive while Microsoft thought IBM engineers produced bloated code. Microsoft was young and confident. IBM was…experienced.
While IBM was a few decades into writing software, their experience was rooted in making highly custom and highly reliable mainframe software, over very long periods of time. The reality was Microsoft was at peak productivity for new lines of code being written for PCs, but we were still very early in figuring out a reproducible process for releasing products and of course we continued to have quality problems and scheduling missteps. BillG even noted our challenges in releasing software on time as he walked on stage at the event, saying that today Microsoft is announcing the completion of Windows 3.0 and had the product not been done hosting such a big event would have been a bit of an “extravagant way to announce a delay in the schedule.”
The deep tension between Microsoft and IBM was hardly visible to us and, frankly, the industry was geared toward a world with many competing computing platforms. Nearly every article about Windows viewed the product as a stepping stone to the more modern OS/2 that would shed its connection to 8-bit MS-DOS. No one was anticipating Windows 3.0 becoming a de facto standard, certainly no one at our daily lunch table. We increasingly knew Windows 3.0 was an exciting product, but we also knew that Microsoft had committed to a joint development project with IBM, a company perhaps 100 times the size of Microsoft. None of us really had a clue just how tense the relationship between Microsoft and IBM was becoming while we continued to find ways to absorb the complexities of OS/2, Macintosh, and now Windows 3.0.
Along with Windows 3.0, Microsoft demonstrated a new release of Excel for Windows, Excel 3.0, an updated Word version 1.1, and the first version of PowerPoint for Windows version 2.0. The PC software industry was a version number machine—literally everything was a 1.0 or a 5.0, or debating whether a product was a .1 or a .5. It was the source of marketing games such as “big upgrade in version 2.1” and notorious for cynicism such as “avoid a 1.0” or “wait for the ‘a’ release.” Microsoft was a varsity player in this world of confusing version numbers (and product names), and we were just getting started.
Those updates were just the software from Microsoft. The platform marketing team, which in the software industry had become known as evangelism, a term pioneered by Apple, had successfully wooed hundreds of independent software vendors to show off their latest products on Windows. The Windows 3.0 event included mentions of many of the biggest names of the day including Corel, Aldus, Iris (makers of what would eventually become Lotus Notes), and Crosstalk. Noticeably absent with Windows products were WordPerfect, Ashton-Tate, and Lotus, the leading applications for MS-DOS.
Also at the ready were hundreds of hardware companies ready to deliver a range of fully compatible computer systems, components, and peripherals. While often overlooked, the ability to have hardware and the required software to make printers, displays, and a host of accessories work with Windows was an achievement equal in magnitude to applications.
Windows 3.0 seemed to have everything that OS/2 did not. There were compatible PCs. There were new applications. There were supporting peripherals. It had the pricing and distribution too. The fact that it ran on as little as one megabyte of memory (though really two was better) and also ran all existing MS-DOS applications even better than they ran before made for an incredibly compelling launch.
Windows 3.0 represented a step-function change in the PC. The clunky world of obscure commands and text-based screens would give way to colorful overlapping windows and a mouse, something that Macintosh had for the past five years. While the PC was catching up in capabilities it was still outselling Macintosh by more than fifteen to one. What the PC lacked in ease of use and elegance, it more than made up for in lower cost hardware, a much broader base of support from software makers, and a wide array of peripherals.
The launch event was satellite broadcast to conference rooms around campus. For most of us, the idea of seeing Microsoft on a video stream like this was kind of crazy. While certainly the company was one of the biggest and brightest stars around, the world of technology and software was still a relative blip in the economy. Bill Gates was hardly a household name. About 15 percent of US households owned a personal computer in 1989, and worldwide about 17 million PC compatibles were sold (1989 was the first year more than one million Macintosh computers were sold—the Macintosh always had an outsized influence, and it’s worth noting that Word and Excel were selling to most of those Macintoshes, which was not the case for Microsoft apps on PC compatibles).
The trade press, which we devoured every week in tabloid sized print magazines at the library (senior executives were permitted to have their own subscriptions, but regular folks had to make their way to the library), covered every development of Windows and OS/2 as though both operating systems were inevitable.
Since we knew the Systems teams were hard at work at both, we had no other source of information to counter the narrative in the trade press. It is interesting to consider how much we were influenced by what we read in trade press when there was little else for us to go on. Little did we know that BillG, and the executive teams, were deep in an enormously complex “divorce.” The company was on the verge of moving away from a partnership with IBM and would go it alone with Windows. This would not happen quickly.
In fact, in the months leading up to the launch event, Microsoft and IBM famously issued a joint communication emphasizing that long term their collective efforts are squarely on OS/2 and urged independent developers to follow. When we read about this in the trade press it seemed exactly like what we were doing as Microsoft followed this advice too. Many of my friends were working super hard on OS/2 versions of Word and Excel. We were working hard to make ET++ work on OS/2 as well. At the same time, making applications work for Windows was ongoing, and going very well. The work on OS/2 was definitely not fake as many would say in the years to come, but it also wasn’t progressing. Everything was confusing and messy to those of us just doing our jobs.
Windows launched in May 1990 and sold four million copies in the first year. That was all the market proof the company needed to know that Windows was the future. The complex partnership yielding a complex OS/2 product was also looking less and less strategic. The fact that progress on the product was slow and the rapid sales of Windows were attracting all the interest of third-party developers, made the positives of OS/2 mostly theoretical. Who needs a better file system if all the interesting applications are on Windows?
In hindsight, that day in May was somewhat surreal. I had not yet even started to internalize the scale of Microsoft or its potential. To me the company still seemed so approachable. The Microsoft I knew was not much larger than my high school and I felt like I knew all the people in Apps. In reality, we were doubling in size every year.
A few weeks after Windows 3.0 launched, Microsoft closed the books on fiscal year 1990. It would be the first year the company would report sales over one billion dollars, $1.18 billion to be precise. That was almost double the revenue of either Lotus of WordPerfect, the two largest software companies. Microsoft became the first pure play PC software company with more than one billion dollars in sales.
The inevitability of Windows was starting to sink in over the summer. BillG always used to tell the interns, and by now we had perhaps 100 that summer, that he worried Seattle summers were so nice that people would not work. In fact, there was an incredible amount of energy that summer but we were in desperate need of strategic clarification. I needed it for my own job, the company needed it too. The industry, it seems, had already decided.
As far as reviews of the product, Byte magazine concluded “on both technical and strategic grounds, Windows 3.0 succeeds brilliantly. After years of twists and turns, Microsoft has finally nailed this product. Try it. You’ll like it.” Still, the technology enthusiasts were fretting about OS/2.
There was definitely a feeling that we were at some sort of new beginning with Windows 3.0, and at the end of the first era of the personal computer.
On to 008. Competing with Steve Jobs (the First Time) [Chapter II]
This is a great history so far, and the comment threads really enrich the content.
I was a teenager when all of this was going down, so some of it is a blur. But I remember Windows 3.0 being mentioned here and there by a few people that liked it, and then all of a sudden Windows 3.1 was out and it was ubiquitous. I had been using DOS for 3-4 years by that point and don't remember anyone talking about Windows before Windows 3.0.
A few other things I remember from that time:
1. As a Windows 3.1 user with a teenager's budget, I remember aspiring to run OS/2 2.0. It just seemed so much more advanced. I even bought 16MB of RAM to run it, which at the time was extremely expensive because of the chronic "memory factory fire" in far-off places that always seemed to explain why memory was so expensive. However, I think the technical sophistication sustained my interest more than what it could actually do. I remember so much of OS/2 feeling unpolished and underwhelming from an end user perspective, even if I felt assured that it was technically capable of doing more than Windows. I always got the sense that disk caching never worked properly on any of my systems, and what's the point of being able to use long filenames if those files then become invisible to your DOS and Windows applications?
2. I was at a consumer trade show in Canada where IBM was trying to sell OS/2 2.x to consumers. They did this by showing Space Quest 4 playing simultaneously with Flight Simulator while also searching for files in Windows File Manager - hey look, the Windows clock is still moving even though Windows only has co-operative multitasking! It was cool if you understood why it was cool, but in retrospect I find it funny that you'd use such a ridiculous use case to sell a product to home users / consumers who just want to get work done.
3. Windows 95 came along and OS/2 just disappeared from the map for me. It solved all of the issues I had with OS/2 and gave all of the benefits and more.
On the first Billion $ in revenue, I was not an employee at the time, but an intern in MSFT France, but I got to see Frank Gaudette's company meeting skit, as a Blues Brothers, singing "Coming to you on a dusty road, big numbers I got truck loads". This was MOST excellent.